One cannot create Unique Naga history or Nagalim in the region by showing “Head Hunter”, “Snake Eater”, “Roman Script”, or “Christianity”. If the Britishers were not in the North East Frontier of India, the term “Naga” would not have been created even in 2019 A.D. The word Tangkhul seems fade away in due course. Indeed, Tangkhul of Manipur are not Nagas.
Tangkhul calling themselves Naga is like few Meetei linking themselves as the descendant of Arjuna, one of the protagonists in Mahabharat epic. History cannot be discovered or invented. Both the stories were concocted during the 18th and 19th Centuries.
Before inventing new chapters on Naga, Tangkhul researchers must study Tangkhul Saram Pakhangba and Yek Salai of the tribe.
As per the Linguistic and Anthropologist definitions, of the term Naga, Tangkhul were not naked tribes. Like the Meetei, Tangkhul forefathers have beautifully weaved 10 patterns of clothes.
With the coming of Christian, the western writer and the Church preachers called those native people who follow the indigenous religion as “Haomi” (people of Hao). “Kameo” is the indigenous religion of the Tangkhul community. Just like Sanamahi of the Meetei.
To define religion for the Tangkhul of Manipur was easy if the definition was to be given based on the Christian faith they have at present but to define it from the traditional religion the people had, was one tough thing. There was no god, there was no name to their religion, rather only the spirits which also vary from village to village.
Some Tangkhul scholars say that the Nagas have been in their present settlement (known as Nagalim- created lately after the 1950s) since time immemorial. However, their own folklore does not support this theory. Tangkhul folklore tells us that they originated in Myanmar.
The origin of Tangkhul is vague and scholars from the same tribe gave different versions of their origin. Some connect them with the Valley, some give Hundung (near present Ukhrul town) and some Makhen in Senapati district of Manipur.
British sowed the seed for the Fabricated history of Tangkhul
They further defend that the British did not interfere with the affairs of the Nagas. This is completely wrong. Even the term “Naga” was attached with different tribes of Manipur by Christian preachers, anthropologist etc, with sole purpose of setting a theocratic land in the Northeast frontier of erstwhile British India.
British gifted the Tangkhul and other hill tribes “Christian”, “Naga” “Bible”, “Roman Script” and “Western Education” as early as 1890s, yet we regarded Tangkhul as under privileged tribes in the Indian Constitution. Tangkhul is the lost tribe of Manipur.
British left India in 1947, yet slavery was there in the form of religion. When the struggle for freedom was in full swing, a section of Christian-occupied ideas started demanding the continuation of British rule in their area (present-day Kohima). Some British officers thus, put forth the idea of “Crown Colony” between Myanmar and India, comprising of Christianize tribes from both Countries.
Mount Japvo (3000 MSL), which is close to present day Manipur border in Nagaland and other associated mountain range are much higher than the the mountains of Manipur. When head hunters was the danger faced even by Britishers, how could the Tangkhul mixed with the tribes residing in Kohima, crossing the difficult Mount Javpo?
There was not a single reference to Tangkhul and Nagaland interaction till 20th Century. These high peak act as a “watershed” for the flow of Tangkhul staying in Ukhrul and Nagas staying in Kohima.
However, it is not wrong to say the tribes of Nagaland had done business and exchange cultural symbols with the plains of Assam since time immemorial. Same as the Meeteis have done with the Cacharis, Tripuris and Ahoms for more than 2000 years.
Some 10 years ago, before Th Muivah and Government of India have come together for a Ceasefire Agreement, the real Nagas from Nagaland regarded Tangkhuls an unwelcome guest and ruled out the possibility being a part of the Nagas. I am confident this political marriage will not be acceptable to the Nagas of Nagaland even today.
If Scholars and Political researchers are claiming tribes of Manipur (be it the Tangkhul, Kabui, Thangal, or Maram) have a close unique history with the Nagas of Nagaland, where is the connecting link between them? I don’t find any missing links here, be it in terms of business, matrimonial, language or religion. This is why we call Tangkhul the lost tribe in Manipur.
Lainingthou Sanamahi (The origin of the soul) is worshiped by Tangkhul tribes in Manipur during the Luira phanit festival as Ameo. Taibang Semba Mapu as Thuruikhong is kept in the house of Wungva or piba or chieftain or each clans.
In early days, important and most prosperous Tangkhul villages of Ukhrul, Tolloi, Ngaimu, Somdal, Tuinem and Phadang have business relationship with the Meetei in the valley.
Today, the cultural promotion group among the Tangkhuls are proud of their rich colourful dresses like the Haora (shawl) which they now called Naga Shawl.
While promoting the beautiful design and colors of Leirum phi, Kairao phi, Lai phi, Longkhum Kasum, Sukham phi, and Pordesum phi the group should not forget to mention the Meetei for providing those indigenous dyes used by the weavers of Tangkhuls. Maring Sangbai (Maring Basket), Tangkhul Leirum (Tangkhul Shawl), etc are the catch-words of the Meetei households and folklore.
Forgetting the roots
Distortion of words and terms to get a unique history is a blunder made by scholars nowadays. They want every Meetei name or term to be abolished from the Tangkhul village to delink the age-old history of Tangkhul in Manipur to represent themselves as Nagas. On the contrary, even today, one Tangkhul village can’t understand the dialects of another village in Manipur.
Many places and villages in the remotest Tangkhul region have Meetei names. To cite few, Jessami is Phundrak, Svemi is Chingjaroi, Ramvah is Lambui. If Meetei has not reached these villages, there won’t be any necessity of naming these places.
Many young Convent-educated historians claimed that the Manipur Kingdom was valley-based only. British expand the map of Manipur to hills. The question is “Are Britishers Meetei king’s close relatives or friends”?
These Convent-educated historians forget the ABC of British Colonial Imperialism. Those who talked of Manipur got the present Hill districts from the British should know that the British Imperial never tolerated any independent authority which they thought was an obstacle to their rule.
When the Britisher who came as late as 1890s knows about the history of Manipur, why the Tangkhul and other communities who have been living in the land for many centuries didn’t understand the history of Manipur?
Modern Manipur was neither created after 1947 nor created by the British in 1830s. It had been there, ruled by valley based Kings, indeed, the longest dynasty to rule any kingdom in world history! British accepted the situation and the borders of the Meetei Kingdom.
When Manipur was defeated in the Anglo-Manipur war, Britishers posted a political residence as done in all principalities in their occupied Kingdoms. Thus Manipur was also included in British India. The hills of Manipur were in the territory of Meetei King and the King was under the British. If the Hills were outside the King’s authority, then it would be outside the British Empire.
In nearly every Tangkhul Village, the title “Khullakpa” was given to an officer for the convenience of administration of village affairs. There is also an officer titled “Meetei Lambu” who knows the Meetei language more than other villagers.
Now, every tribes of Manipur who are proud to call themselves “Naga by Blood” must answer Where is Naga, what language does Naga speaks, What religion does Naga follows, how old is the political history of Naga?
If Tangkhul considers themselves as Naga, why there is not a single Tangkhul word in the Naga Nationalism? Why can’t the torchbearers of Southern Nagalim in Manipur be able to insert a single word in the political domain of Naga?
Tangkhuls and other tribes of Manipur were in their own world when the seed of Naga Nationalism was sown. They have no idea of a Naga movement until 1950s when A.Z.Phizo came to Manipur to gather soldiers for Naga National Council (NNC). When Naga boycotted the first Indian election in 1952, why did Tangkhul send Shri Rishang Keishing as the first Lok Sabha MP from Manipur?
NNC itself is a united representatives of various Naga communites and symbols of each Naga are seen in the group. The Highest and must respected “Naga Parliament” came to be known as “Tatar Hoho” after the Sema, Lotha, and Ao word for “Village elders” (tatar) and the Lotha and Sema word for Assembly ” Hoho”.
Rengma word for king or supreme head “Kedahge” was used for “President” of the Federal Government of Nagaland. The Yimchunger word for village Councillor was used to represent Ministers as “Kilonsers”.
If unable to give a reply, the best way is to embrace the traditional and native culture, religion and language which every proud community is following to promote their roots.
Image credit – Ningchipem Shimray via Pinterest.
(C) Naorem Mohen
The Writer can be reached at Twitter @laimacha
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who exactly are the actual nagas that tangkhuls are not called nagas?what is the actual defenition of the nagas?
Wat the fuck u meitei we don’t have any relationship with meitei except hundung village other then hundung we don’t hve relationship tangkhul is lost tribe of manipur ayaaaaa why u r so foolish 😒 we are nagas and we remain as nagas till the end of the world pliz don’t make foolish document and also don’t show fucking foolishness whether u meitei or nagas from nagaland say tangkhul are not its OK god knows
Is tangkhul a naga? How do u know that we r naga ? We just call ourselves naga. Iam not saying tat we cannot be naga but u look the history around meiteis. How tangkhul land is in Manipur land? I guess this might be true .
Fuck you naorem mohen ….. don’t show your foolishness
U don’t know anything about Naga History , U are just posting this for Propaganda
This Article is totally different from what I khow as a naga tangkhul.. ridiculous…
Pliz stop your foolish assumption. You can create your own story but never point you finger to others business
Exactly… Propaganda robot.
Tangkhul r nagas n remain as nagas u you naorem mohen better stop making unwanted documents about tangkhul u don’t know anything about us so better mind your own business stop tangkhul n meitei r never ever brothers except hundung village that’s also only those royal families other then we don’t hve relation so shut the fuck up naorem Mohen …… seriously fuck you
Naorem Mohan if you want to write something like this do research (even if you cannot at least have conversation with 10 standard student of any community). Trying to creat propaganda, meetei having such a writer is real shame for the community. You don’t even know what is “kameo”. I am sorry, like you said “history cannot be discovered or invented” especially with this knucklehead. If your write up has at least one valid argument I would gladly answer and rectify. Cannot afford to be the one wrestling a pig. Hope you understand.
There’s so much desperation to prove tangkhul to meitei lineage in this article. Content seem to be based mostly on feelings or assumptions based on here say. This article is not only disappointing due to lack of advanced research but also misleading as it is articulated in a way it can provoke ‘doubts’ for lesser educated as already numerous comments are entered. However, on a greater note of all these ideologies. Tangkhuls can only ‘Choose’ to remain as ‘Nagas’ whatever the historical theories might have indicated for their origin.
Sir, I really appreciate ur hard -laboured write- up on the origin and history of My community. Me as a Literary scholar, I did analysis of every point encapsulated in ur statements, down to the last details. To ur surprise, must I frankly admonish u, that u r Meitei and know very little about what Tangkhul is. But wat makes me exceedingly eye-balling is, u r speaking here as if u r indigenous Tangkhul , who has the richness of the knowledge of Tangkhul history. I guess u haven’t even visited ukhrul, metaphorically speaking. Fancy..how can u say tat u know me very well and can make head or tail of me or say I hav fair/dark complexion, as we hav been on phone few years back. But in fact, u haven’t even met me once…then how can ur statements be true…?? A wiseman’s son can answer. Sir, I dare u, if u r honest man,how can u be so audacious of ur little knowledge about my community thus be able to draw definite conclusion, concluding tat Tangkhuls r not Nagas/ lost tribe…??? You know very well of ur research loopholes it still requires lots of raw information and field study and for this end hav u ever visited any Tangkhul village or met any elderly Tangkhuls whom u can bank on for providing u with huge knowledge?? Any research done but lacked these procedures is nothing but a drop of SUGAR in the ocean. In conclusion, I emphatically remark ,”The purpose of Literature is to enhance life”, where we live peacefully and harmoniously with understanding. Not to spread fabricated ideas or opinions like tis which will only mar its sacred Purpose and plunge us into confusion and hatred.
If history cannot be created unique, now you are Indian and who are meitei before independence? If history can not be created differently, why not create a Meitei country but under India? Stay as your origin.
Before you talk about Tangkhul shut up
This article is utterly nonsensical!!!!!!
Kindly refrain from projecting your delusions onto others and disseminating such misinformation. The content, from beginning to end, is devoid of coherence or rationality. Disliking a community does not warrant the propagation of fabricated or prejudiced narratives. Furthermore, the historical account you present is both incomplete and, in several instances, demonstrably erroneous. I urge you to retract this piece to prevent further misconceptions and the misguidance of others
This article is just an expression of hatred towards Tangkhul community by meitei self styled author. Don’t be misguided and kindly ignore the content, it’s just another makeup story. They are good in such things.
#Most meitei actually are Bangladeshi immigrants (specially meitei bangan ie, meitei muslim)
#They talk about meitei kingdom but actually is confined in a parts of valley (small geographical area) with few villages among them. Although now they expanded the most total valley parts of Manipur.
# Meitei and Tangkhul never were shared or related in traditional practice/attire/cultural none before statehood or even after existing as one state. However, after Independence Britishers submit the map allocation roughly made by them before they leave India without peoples concern. Only then Tangkhul and meitei fall into one state accordingly. But since the beginning Tangkhul fight for their own rights till now.
Lol
This article is just an expression of hatred towards Tangkhul community by meitei self styled author. Don’t be misguided and kindly ignore the content, it’s just another makeup story. They are good in such things.
#Most meitei actually are Bangladeshi immigrants (specially meitei bangan ie, meitei muslim)
#They talk about meitei kingdom but actually is confined in a parts of valley (small geographical area) with few villages among them. Although now they expanded the most total valley parts of Manipur.
# Meitei and Tangkhul never were shared or related in traditional practice/attire/cultural none before statehood or even after existing as one state. However, after Independence Britishers submit the map allocation roughly made by them before they leave India without peoples concern. Only then Tangkhul and meitei fall into one state accordingly. But since the beginning Tangkhul fight for their own rights till now.
If you don’t know ask about it and write what’s right/correct. Don’t just write whatever is on your mind . You mf
No wonder you’re still unsuccessful. Don’t make up shit and write what’s wrong. Don’t confuse people. You better delete this shit.
Fuck you naorem mohen
Write foolish narratives get foolish prizes
Ukhrul District is the home of the Tangkhul tribes, who are a highly cultured people. The name Tangkhul was given to them by their neighbours, the Meiteis. The northern Tangkhuls were also called the Luhupas. The name Naga was given to them and similar tribes by the Burmese ( Myanmar ), which, in Myanmar means people with pierced earlobes. Piercing of the earlobes is wide-spread practice among the Naga people including the Tangkhuls. The Tangkhuls belong to the great Mongolian race which is spread all over the World. Linguistically, they belong to a large language family called Sino-Tibetan, within that family to the sub-family Tibeto-Burman.
The earliest home of the Tangkhuls was the upper reaches of Huang heo and Yangtze Rivers which lies in the Zinjiang province of China. Like the other desert areas of the world, the people including the Tangkhuls, due to hardship of life, dispersed from this place to different directions. One group moved towards east and southeast to be become known as Chinese, another group moved southward to become the tribes of Tibeto-Burman which includes the Tangkhuls and other Naga sub tribes. That was between 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C. This movement has continued into recent historic times. S.K. Chatterjee noted that from 2000 B.C. onwards, Sino-Tibetan spreads from China pushed south and west, and entered India. According to W.I. Singh, in his “The History of Manipur”, the Tangkhuls settled in Samshok (Thuangdut) area in Myanmar. They belong to Yakkha tribe in China. The Tangkhuls were first noticed in Manipur by Poireiton, one of the earliest kings of a principality in Manipur valley.
The Tangkhuls as also other Naga tribes came to Manipur, Nagaland, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh through Myanmar. Some of them also settled down in Myanmar and did not venture further. However, their movement over Myanmar and into India was spread over a period of time. They entered the present habitat in waves following one another and in some cases in close succession. The Tangkhuls came together with the Maos, Poumeis, Marams and Thangals because all of them have references to their dispersal from Makhel a Mao village in Senapati district. They had also erected megaliths at Makhel in memory of their having dispersed from there to various directions.
The Tangkhuls point out to the association of their forefathers with the seashore. Most of the ornaments of the Tangkhuls such as kongsang, huishon, etc. were made of sea shells, cowrie and conch shells a prominent feature of the people who live on the shore.
By 2nd century A.D. the Tangkhuls were living in Samshok (Thuangdut) in Myanmar . Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer and geographer of Alexandria in his Geography of Further India c. 140 A.D. referred to the Tangkhul Nagas (Nangalogue) at Triglypton (Thuangdut). The Tangkhuls began disperse from Samshok after the invasion of Ko-lo-feng and his successor I-mau-shun the king of Nan-chao in the closing part of the 8th century A.D. and beginning of the 9th century A.D. They were further driven towards the north west of Myanmar by the Shan people.
Thus, the Tangkhuls as also other Naga tribes have travelled from China to Myanmar and from there finally they came into their present land traversing through innumerable snow covered landscapes, mountains and wild forests confronting wild beasts and wild tribes. The exodus of the Tangkhuls from China to Myanmar and finally to India is indeed a story of heroism of human courage and endurance.
In course of time every Tangkhul village became a small republic like the Greek city states. Every village had an unwritten constitution made up of age-old conventions and traditions. The Tangkhul villages were self sufficient except for salt, and self governing units ruled by hereditary or elected chief assisted by a Council of Elders. The chief was a judge, administrator and commander rolled into one. However, absence of a national government was disastrous for them in the medieval period as the small village states were unable to withstand the onslaught of the organised army or the Meitei king.
The ancient Tangkhul history is hitherto an unrecorded past. History however became more enlightened by the beginning of the 13th century owing to the cultural, trade and sometimes turbulent relations which had grown up with the people of the valley. We find a reference to the Tangkhuls as early as the 13th century during the reign of Thawanthaba (1195-1231 AD) of Ningthouja Meitei dynasty. The chronicles refer to the frequent raids in many tribal villages. Thawanthaba raided Chingshong Tangkhul village which was defeated and burnt down.
There has always been some form of relationship between the Tangkhuls and the Meiteis in terms of political alliance and trade relation. Some items of Naga material – culture indicate a long history of contact between the plain and hills. The “Elephant Cloth” (Leirungphi), for instance, resplendent with complex animal designs, worn by the Nagas of Manipur, has its origin in the wish of the ruler of Manipur in the mid-seventeenth to present his Naga allies with a special cloth. The popular Tangkhul shawl “Changkhom” is also known as “Karaophi” in Manipur. The Tangkhul dance (pheichak) was known as “Chingkheirol” in Manipur, from the fact that it came from “Chingkhei” (North East of Imphal).